Final Evaluation

FINAL EVALUATION

East End Tales is a series of nine stories inspired by photos and news articles from local papers in east London. It was written as part of a Half Moon Young People’s Theatre Scriptworks project for Mulberry School for Girls in Tower Hamlets, London. We performed it with no specified set, props or lighting and every scene was devised from scratch. It was performed in room 415 at The BRIT School on Friday the 12^th of February. This project was for our scripted plays unit (page to stage) and it was a complete ensemble piece with minimal props and set. 

We used the lyrical verse style of the poem to split lines up and allocate them out to different people. Every scene was improvised from scratch and every scene was performed as an ensemble. We were also split into two groups to devise our own scenes with very little direction from our director. This helped us all because we could use our creativity and put that on the stage. I thoroughly enjoyed working on East End Tales as an ensemble because it really improved my teamwork skills and strengthened relationships with many of the other cast members. It also made me realise you don’t need to have specific characters already laid out for you to create an amazing piece of theatre. It also made me realise that a theatre is not only a literal space, but also a place where we dream together; not merely a building, but a space that is both imaginative and collective. Theatre provides a safe frame within which we can explore dangerous extremities in the comfort of fantasy and the reassurance of a group.

We were set many different dramatic exercises to help develop different elements of being an actor. Things like:

Monologues:

Every actor wrote a monologue playing the part of their favourite character from East End Tales. This really helped me develop my characterisation.

Role-On-The-Wall:

We had an outline of a body and we had to choose a character and write things that we have found out about the person(s) emotionally, and internally on the inside of the body, and everything that we find out about what the character looks and feels like to other people, on the outside.

We also worked in small groups to devised a piece of work from scratch with no direction that had to consist of ensemble work and monologue work when we had a lesson with Chris. This helped me with the later development of Tale 7 with the group that I worked with.

One of the moments that worked the best was definitely the pub scene. I feel that there was a certain energy that was maintained throughout the points there needed to be, and then a sort of sensitivity as the scene progressed. I also think this scene captivated the audience the most as it was loud and full of things to look at. These are also reasons as to why the pub scene was my personal favourite scene. Another scene that I think worked really well was Tale 5 (The domestic violence scene) because of the way we had the “mum” and “dad” set up in the middle of the stage as a setting for the story telling.

Roseby did a really good job in Tale 5 of story telling. The way she developed that character really helped her in captivating the audience during that moment where she talks about how the whole thing was an anti climax. The atmosphere she created was sensitive but also slightly comedic, this would make the audience feel more comfortable about a sensitive topic.

A definite weakness of devising a play that needs to be a polished as this, was that if one person wasn’t focused, the whole cast will be thrown off guard because someone dropped a line or because someone wasn’t somewhere they were supposed to be. The staging also proved to be a challenge that we manage to overcome. Because it was decided that we would set it in thrust staging (audience on three sides), it meant we had to create a piece of theatre technically for three audiences. We had to think about projection, our positions on stage and putting on an evenly good show for each side. Characterisation was more difficult for this play as we all had more than just the one character to think about. This meant I had to do much more research than I would normally for one character. This also meant learning lines for different characters was a challenge as you had to think about what the objective would be for each line said by a different character. This has also helped me develop my line learning and characterisation skills.

I absolutely loved the style of the play. The way it was poetically written in a lyrical style was so new to me but was a great experience. It was almost like urban Shakespeare in the way it was written in verse. 

Physical theatre was still fairly new to me, as I have not done much of it previously and even though we did a small bit of it last unit, I still felt very amateur on the subject. Now I feel so much more experienced in physical theatre after the countless amounts of exercises we did. I really enjoyed all the physical parts of East End Tales, especially when Miss Goodall gave us creative reign over a scene; I really felt I could use my creativity to our advantage.
The whole multiple role theme made me progress a lot these past 2 terms because I didn’t just have to think about characterisation of one character, but many! It enabled me to explore different personalities of people with different age, race, gender, ideologies, morals and values.

The style of storytelling was also a very progressive factor of this play because it helped me interact with the audience and really exaggerate everything so that the audience feel like they are present in the play. It also gave a definite sense of objective to the play, as if we were actually telling the stories for a reason. That reason could be different to everyone. This term, as an actor, I ‘ve learnt that to create a good piece of theatre you do not need a fancy set with expensive props and lighting. All we needed to perform this play was a space. This is good because it again gives you complete creative reign over anything you want and puts you under no limits.

My line learning this term was pretty good. I didn’t forget any lines in the final performance and my cues were very accurate as well. My focus in the classroom was very high in most circumstances but sometimes it dropped due to the fact that we were running the same scene over and over or the fact that our director was focusing on a part in the scene that I wasn’t involved in. I think my rehearsing throughout this unit has been to a high standard and I really enjoyed working on East End Tales.

Participating in this project, I feel I have developed skills such as: Line learning, characterisation, ensemble work, tone, articulation, devising, improvisation, special awareness and movement.

Benji Lord

Lesson 11 - 29.1.15

LESSON REFLECTION AND EVALUATION - 29.1.15

Unit 15 Performing Scripted Plays Rehearsal Self Observation

Marking criteria:

P2 Demonstrate personal and technical skills in rehearsal making a positive contribution to the process

M2 Demonstrate personal and technical skills in rehearsal, consistently making a positive contribution and constructive contribution to the process.

D2 Demonstrate personal and technical skills in rehearsal with consistently positive and constructive contributions, engagement, commitment, input and self- reflection.

Set yourself  three rehearsal targets:

1. Work on my breath and voice control

2. Listen to others and not be too controlling. Relax a little.

3. Listen out more carefully for my cues!

Reflect on the targets set:  Have they been achieved? How?           

We did some vocal and breath warmups this lesson. This really helped me focus on how to use my breath to an advantage in my performing.

I feel at times I can be a little controlling over others as I take preference to being a leader. This lesson I stepped down a little and let others share more of their ideas. i feel this was a positive action.

I tend to lose focus and as a result forget my cues. This lesson we also did some focus exercises and these really helped me to concentrate on my lines. As a result i picked up on my cues much faster.

What would you give yourself for today’s rehearsal? 

Marking criteria:	Why?
P2 Demonstrate personal and technical skills in rehearsal making a positive contribution to the process	This lesson, I feel that because I stepped down a little during creation and rehearsal for Tale 7, it had a positive result to the development of the scene. I also managed to achieve all my targets I set for myself. I was also very focused this lesson which supported the rest of the cast.
M2 Demonstrate personal and technical skills in rehearsal, consistently making a positive contribution and constructive contribution to the process.
D2 Demonstrate personal and technical skills in rehearsal with consistently positive and constructive contributions, engagement, commitment, input and self- reflection.

Lesson 10 - 22.1.15

LESSON REFLECTION AND EVALUATION - 22.1.15

Unit 15 Performing Scripted Plays Rehearsal Self Observation

Marking criteria:

P2 Demonstrate personal and technical skills in rehearsal making a positive contribution to the process

M2 Demonstrate personal and technical skills in rehearsal, consistently making a positive contribution and constructive contribution to the process.

D2 Demonstrate personal and technical skills in rehearsal with consistently positive and constructive contributions, engagement, commitment, input and self- reflection.

Set yourself  three rehearsal targets:

1. To remember my ensemble cues for Tale 7

2. To stand out in ensemble lines with a unique tone or volume

3. To interact and TELL the story to the audience, not just say my line.

Reflect on the targets set:  Have they been achieved? How?           

I managed to get my cues spot on this lesson. I achieved this by learning my lines and by keeping a high level of focus. 

I stood out in my ensemble lines today because I used my research and deep development I've done for my character to shine through in my rehearsals and performing.

I feel I was able to shine through the rest of the cast in story telling today because I had a unique tone and projected every line.

What would you give yourself for today’s rehearsal? 

Marking criteria:	Why?
P2 Demonstrate personal and technical skills in rehearsal making a positive contribution to the process	I managed to achieve all my targets and I feel I worked well today because I used a unique tone and projected over other cast members that maybe weren't projecting enough
M2 Demonstrate personal and technical skills in rehearsal, consistently making a positive contribution and constructive contribution to the process.
D2 Demonstrate personal and technical skills in rehearsal with consistently positive and constructive contributions, engagement, commitment, input and self- reflection.

Lesson 9 - 15.1.15

LESSON 9 - 15.1.15

Today we finished working on Tale 5 and continued to develop our grouped scenes (Tale 7 in my case).As Tale 5 is the longest scene in the whole play, it did take quite a while to get through to finishing it but I am now confident that I know what I need to do in this tale. As we continued to develop Tale 7 I decided to step up much more as a leader because we had the problem of everyone wanting to say their ideas, therefore resulting in no one being able to hear anyone. We went round to each person individually and they explained their ideas and as a group decided if it would be effective. We definitely still need to work on Tale 7 because there are parts that are not polished but we are almost there.

Things we've added to tale five:

The use of levels at the start of the scene with the boys. Some of us are standing up, some on stools, some leaning etc. This helps setting the scene much more interesting.
At the point in the scene where I become the person behind the counter serving tea, I have decided to make myself more busy during the parts where I'm not obliged to do anything as I think it adds more atmosphere to the scene.

Unit 15 Performing Scripted Plays Rehearsal Self Observation

Marking criteria:

P2 Demonstrate personal and technical skills in rehearsal making a positive contribution to the process

M2 Demonstrate personal and technical skills in rehearsal, consistently making a positive contribution and constructive contribution to the process.

D2 Demonstrate personal and technical skills in rehearsal with consistently positive and constructive contributions, engagement, commitment, input and self- reflection.

Set yourself  three rehearsal targets:

1. Be able to creatively contribute to the rehearsal process


2. To continue with developing my characters and their objectives

3. To keep energy high especially during the scenes we go over alot

Reflect on the targets set:  Have they been achieved? How?           

I feel I helped contribute creatively towards the ensemble today because I decided to take on the role of helping people put their ideas into the space and then onto the stage. 
Development of character was harder today as we were just running the same scenes over and over again to polish them. I don't feel I had as much time to develop character today as I have done in previous lessons.
Keeping energy at a good level was difficult today because we were going over the same scenes. I definitely think I could have been more focused but I still think I did well this lesson.

What would you give yourself for today’s rehearsal? 

Marking criteria:	Why?
P2 Demonstrate personal and technical skills in rehearsal making a positive contribution to the process
M2 Demonstrate personal and technical skills in rehearsal, consistently making a positive contribution and constructive contribution to the process.	I was able to contribute creatively to my group by helping decide about ideas and not sitting back letting someone else do it. I was also able to show. I managed to display acting techniques such as characterisation even though it was quite difficult.  I feel I need to focus more to get the most out of rehearsals however.
D2 Demonstrate personal and technical skills in rehearsal with consistently positive and constructive contributions, engagement, commitment, input and self- reflection.

Lesson 8 - 8.1.15

Lesson 8 - 8.1.15

The session today was an opportunity to return to TALE 1 & 2. You needed to ensure that these were tighter and precise. 

Make some notes of what you need to do better within each tale.

• Character?
• Learning lines?
• Learning cues?
• Vocal awareness

TALE 2

In tale 2 I need to make sure my characterisation is tighter because the whole flow of the scene wont be tight if not everyone is committed to their characters. Staying in character can also be quite difficult if there are lots of movements and other things to think about, therefore I need to be extra focused in rehearsals and performance.

My line learning so far has been fairly good and I know all my solo lines however the lines that we say as an ensemble I haven't learned so tightly as I was only focusing on my lines that are my personal ones.

I have found that learning cues in this play has been a little difficult as there are so many other things to think about and other things to do that don't require voice. I'm going to keep going over all my lines to ensure my cues are tight.

Vocal awareness is much more difficult for this play as we have used thrust staging so there is technically three audiences that we need to project to to ensure that each side of the audience get a fair show.

You then started working in two groups on Tale 6 & 7. 

Write some notes on the creative choices that were made.

Write about the work that you need to develop further.

TALE 6

In Tale 6 choices we made are:

- To create the "brother" stacking shelves, we had everyone who wasn't speaking, miming stacking shelves on each side of the stage
- As each person that has dialogue speaks, they join me behind the counter which gives an effect of a sort of army building up to eventually face the pissed man.
- To take advantage of being an ensemble to emphasise lines such as "VOOM"

Things we need to develop further are:
- Cues: Everyone needs to know their cues and lines to make the scene flow
- Everyone needs to have 100% focus so that they can achieve our highest potential
- Timing is also very crucial to this scene to make sure it flows

Unit 15 Performing Scripted Plays Rehearsal Self Observation

Marking criteria:

P2 Demonstrate personal and technical skills in rehearsal making a positive contribution to the process

M2 Demonstrate personal and technical skills in rehearsal, consistently making a positive contribution and constructive contribution to the process.

D2 Demonstrate personal and technical skills in rehearsal with consistently positive and constructive contributions, engagement, commitment, input and self- reflection.

Set yourself  three rehearsal targets:

1. To be engaged and more focused the whole way through the rehearsal

2. To make sure I know my lines so I don't need to rely on a script

3. To ensure the transitions between scenes are smooth

Reflect on the targets set:  Have they been achieved? How?           

I feel I was very engaged at all points today and that definitely helped me develop my character for the scenes I was in. It also contributes to the focus of the whole cast. 

This week I knew all of my lines apart from my paragraph in the final scene which I was a little unsure of. I will definitely make sure this is learnt for next week as I do not want to let down the rest of the ensemble. Line learning will also help me understand the scenes better as I'm not held back by the burden of holding a script.

I feel that this third target was one that we needed to achieve as a cast. We managed to make a few smooth transitions between scenes but not all are final yet. These smooth transitions will cause for a fluid feel of the play.

What would you give yourself for today’s rehearsal? 

Marking criteria:	Why?
P2 Demonstrate personal and technical skills in rehearsal making a positive contribution to the process
M2 Demonstrate personal and technical skills in rehearsal, consistently making a positive contribution and constructive contribution to the process.	I would give myself a merit today as I was making a positive contribution to the group with my ideas and focus, but I feel that sometimes I stepped down too much and that might have had a negative effect on the cast.
D2 Demonstrate personal and technical skills in rehearsal with consistently positive and constructive contributions, engagement, commitment, input and self- reflection.

Lesson 7 - 18.12.14

CHARACTERS THAT I PLAY IN EAST END TALES

DEVELOPMENT OF CHARACTERS

Prologue

In the prologue I play the part of a taxi driver. The taxi driver I play comes across as a bit greedy as he is stating that because he has 'a baby on the way' he should deserve a tip. I enjoy playing this character a lot. He also comes across as being a tad cheeky because he is indeed asking for a tip which is something that a passenger should give at their own discretion. This really helped me characterise this driver. In the Epilogue I also play the same taxi driver, but in this scene, to me,  he comes across as lazy as he states that he doesn't want to pick anyone else up as he's "knackered". I felt like this was more of an excuse than a fact, therefore I made him come across as excusive.

Tale 2

In tale 2 I play the collective character of a boy/man personifying and describing the East End as if it were a woman. I contribute to the personifying description by saying the lines:

"A woman" - This is a line that is right at the start of the scene, therefore clarifying that the thing we're describing is indeed a woman. On the wall drawing we create of this women

"She's happy" - Indicating that, despite what has previously been said, she is a happy person. This contradicts previous lines about being depressed.

Tale 3

In tale 3 the whole class works as an ensemble to personify the east end one last time. I am part of this so this is one of my characters in this scene. I also play the part of a plumber who is talking to a woman about a burst pipe. Near the end of the scene I also play the part of a witness of the crime that "Jack" committed. During the part where the boys are stood at the back in the "bar", I decided to take on the role of someone who's pulling pints at the bar and who occasionally looks around to see what's going on in the rest of the scene.

Tale 4

In tale 4 I play the part of the child (as do all of our cast) who's told by their father to go and buy him some cigarettes and who is also the child who helps the old lady across the street. My character feels sorry for the old lady who we help and I show this by using my facial expressions because physical characterisation was limited in this scene.

Tale 5

In tale 5 I play the part of an angry boyfriend at the start of the scene banging on the door screaming at my girlfriend. I also play the part of one of the 'zoo animals' that is mentioned in this tale. Finally I play the part of someone working at the counter in the cafe who gives the woman with the empty pram her tea. I also have to carry the woman's body across the stage so I would guess that I also play the part of some funeral procession.

Tale 7

In tale 6 I play the part of one of the brothers behind the till in a shop. I also join with all the rest of the cast that play our family members at the end to scare of the racist shopper. At the start of the scene my character is very bored and I used my body and posture and facial expressions to magnify this.

Next, write out some of your lines from each tale and next to the line write your OBJECTIVE for saying the line. Think about why are you saying the line and this will help you with finding how you might say this.

PROLOGUE

"Work all hours me" - I think the objective of this line is to get my passenger to feel sorry for me.

"If you could sort us out wiv a tip" - This is the line that shows the drivers personality as he is trying to make his passenger feel sorry for him so he can get a better tip.

TALE 2

"A woman" - The objective of this line is show that if the East End was to be described as a person it would be a woman. Maybe this is because he sees the east end as a feminine thing. 

"She's happy" - Again, as we are talking about the East End and not an actual woman maybe this is a metaphor for the atmosphere around the east end or the people that live there. 

TALE 3

"A bit of everything" - As we are talking about a man who is described as "a jack of all trades", the objective of this line is to explain that he has many different skills.

"Which he doesn't as such" - We are talking about Jack talking, maybe this line insinuates the fact that Jack is quite quiet after what happened outside of the pub and the objective of the line is to try and get across to the audience that he is more sensitive than he seems.


TALE 4 (I only have one line)

"And crash off the walls of the estate" - The objective of this line is to emphasise how hard it is raining by using onomatopoeia.

TALE 5

"But even stranger, I look down at the pram
And it's empty" - The objective of this line is to emphasise the abnormality of someone walking around with an empty pram. Also the seperation of the line by using enjambment creates a sense of hesitation.

"No way
Not at all" - The fact that we say this as an ensemble helps emphasise the lines. The objective of this line is to do this.

TALE 7

"My brother stacking the shelves" - The objective of this line is to show that shop that the scene is set in is run by a family, therefore making it more intimate for the audience.

"Facing the rusty old till" - The objective of this line is to show that this might be a shop that doesn't make much money as it is described as "old"

Lesson 6 - 11.12.14

Lesson 6

Ensemble

Write your own definition of what ensemble means in theatre. An approach to acting that creates a unified effect made possible by all members of a cast working together on behalf of the play, rather than using individual performances.


What has to happen in the rehearsal room to develop a successful ensemble?

Every actor needs to be focused and ready to work hard because we are only as focused as our least focused actor.

Write about your favourite ensemble moment so far. Write at least 4 sentences to explain why. 

My favourite ensemble moment so far is the taxi driver scene. I think it is really well put together and the use of the lights from our phones is really effective. I also enjoy how we had freedom to a certain extent on how we created our sections so that everyones was different. I really enjoyed working in a group to create something because everyone had different ideas we could use.

Today we focused on creating Tale 3 and the start of Tale 4.

TALE 3

• How have we decided to stage Tale 3? 

The start of Tale 3 flows from the end of Tale 2. All the boys stand up one by one whilst muttering the line "If the East End was my friend" and goes and stands behind the stools that are still set up in the same order from the girls' ensemble scene. After that, one by one, we all pick up a stool and swing it over our heads and slam it down, jeering and cheering like a bunch of 'lads' in a pub. The song 'London's Calling' is playing in the background and we all take a big swig from our pints in slow motion. On the second time the song says "London's Calling" we slam our 'pints' down and stamp our feet. We say a few lines as an ensemble and then proceed to all turn into a 'jack of all trades' eg. a plumber, builder etc.. We then form a bar at a pub and Matteo is left in the middle and we tell the story of a man and an incident occurred involving him. On the line "Where a body of a man lies covered in snow" a white sheet is placed in the middle and is lit up with the girls' phones that are surrounding it. 

• What characters do you play in this tale? 

In this tale I play one of the men in the pub throughout the whole scene. Also, for the 'jack of all trades' part I casted myself as a plumber who is talking to a woman about a burst pipe.

• What is the atmosphere of Tale 3? How is this different to what we have created for Tale 1 & 2?

The atmosphere in Tale 3 is quite mysterious in some places but also loud and rowdy in others. In the start pub scene everyone is being loud and there is lots going on. As we progress through the scene it gets more haunting and mysterious as we talk about a fight that ended badly. This is different to Tale 1 & 2 because both of those scenes are much more choreographed which gives it a really flowing feel. Also Tale 2 is much more visual than this scene because of the drawing on the wall

TALE 4

• How have we decided to stage Tale 4? 

The scene starts out by flowing straight out of Tale 3 from the bar scene. We change the bar made from the stools into a chair for Will who is playing "Dad" in the scene. After that, a few girls have umbrellas and everyone goes to join someone under an umbrella. We then move to the floor where we are all covered by the umbrellas. After that we move to face someone and create a "road" diagonally down the stage. After the road we then go into 3 lines that represent the aisles in a supermarket. After Nina has traipsed through the aisles my line (which is the middle) go to our knees downstage centre stage to create the counter of the shop. Nina then scans the items and everyone but her sits down. As she gets 'home' Sarah and I simulate the action of a door that Nina proceeds to slam.

• What characters do you play in this tale? 

In this tale I play the part of a horse racing commentator at the start, I then play part of a supermarket aisle, a supermarket counter and finally a door. 

Further questions...

• What acting skills have you continued to develop over the past few weeks? Is there anything new you have discovered about your own skills?

Acting skills I am continuing to improve on throughout the past few weeks are: 
My projection - I have found that creating a play using the thrust staging really improves projection as depending on where you are you have to project to three sides of the room instead of 3.

Spacial Awareness - This is another skill that has been developed because of the thrust staging. It has made me be more aware of where I am and where I need to be on the stage. Sometimes I need reminding that there are audiences on three sides but I definitely think it helps my skills.
Coordination - Working as an ensemble has really helped develop my coordination not only with others, but with myself. It helps me be aware of the other actors that I'm working with.

• Return to all of the sections of the text we have staged so far. Select a line from each that sums up that tale.

Prologue - "Yeah I get all sorts in here"

Tale 2 - "If the East End was my friend"

Tale 3 - "The loudmouth routine is just a disguise"

Tale 4 - "Nobody's ever helped me before"

Tale 5 - "They were fucked up"

Tale 7 - "I am SO not in the mood for this"

Lesson 5 - 4.12.14

Lesson 5 - 4.12.14

Rehearsing

This is the basic configuration of our performance space: 

It is called Thrust staging.

What is an advantage of using this staging?

An advantage of using this staging is the fact that you almost perform to 3 different audiences (in front of you, to your left and to your right) instead of just invfront of you.

What is an disadvantage of using this staging?

A disadvantage of using this staging is the fact that you have 3 sides to perform to, but at some points you may have your back to one side, and you can't be face on to the audiences.

Question:

As an actor what are the challenges you think you will have personally being directed in this space? 

I think one challenge that I may face is that my staging will have to be good and evenly spread out so that I'm not just performing to 1 of the 3 sides.
Another challenge would be adapting my projection. For example, if I'm performing to one of the audiences on stage left or stage right, I would have to project so that my voice would bounce off of the walls and reach the other set of audience members. 

Here is some vocabulary that I can use as an actor:

How have we staged the prologue? Why have we made this choices? What is the effect that is created? 

We have created a scene where all the lights are off and the only light is coming from our phone torches. The torches are used as headlights on taxis and there is also a light above each of the drivers heads. Each driver is designated to a paragraph and each group came up with different sections of the scene. We have decided to do this because it gives the effect that we are all taxi drivers driving late at night, talking to our passengers. This also gives a sense of mystery as the light is very minimal and you cannot see much of the driver.


We then explored Tales 1 and 2 in two groups. Girls and Boys.

What is your role in the tale?

In Tale 2 my role is to take part in the description of what the East End would be like if it were a woman. Each of the boys take it in turns to say one line which adds clarity to the description of this so called woman. I say three lines:
"A woman"
"She's happy" 
and,
"A personal shopper"

How has it been staged?
The scene starts off with all the boys walking around muttering "If the east end was my friend". Once we are into position a beat kicks in and we all say our lines to the beat of the music, in a sort of rap fashion. 
When we say each of our lines we go up to a wall that is downstage and we draw our description onto an image with chalk.

Why have these choices been made?
These choices have been made because it will feel like everyone is making a contribution to the creation of the metaphorical woman that is the east end while drawing them on the wall. We decided to stage it how we did at the start because it gives a sense of mystery and it makes the scene flow.

What are the strengths of this piece so far?

The strengths of this piece so far are:

We all work well together as an ensemble so the pieces will look great when we get to the finished product. I also like how the piece flows like a poem so everyone really feels like there's a beat to follow. 

What developments need to happen throughout the rehearsal period? 

A definite improvement that needs to be made is the focus of the class in general. We may have made quite a good amount of progress but I think everyone including myself needs to be more focused to make sure we achieve the maximum amount of progress.